3-1 变量在第一次被赋值时自动声明。在赋值时解释器会根据语法和右侧的操作数来决定新对象的类型。

3-2 函数总是返回一个值,显式 return 的值或者 None。返回的值的类型也是动态确定。

3-3 因为变量名 xxx 对 Python 来说有特殊含义,对于普通的变量应当避免这种命名风格。

3-4 可以,使用 “;”

3-5 可以,使用 “\” 或者括号

3-6

(a)x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

(b)z = 2, x = 3, y = 1

3-7 40XL, $aving$, 0x40L, thisIsn’tAVar, big-daddy, 2hot2touch, counter-1 不合法。不是以字母或者下划线开头,或者有非字母下划线数字的字符。print, if 是关键字。

3-10

用异常处理取代对 os.path.exists() 的调用:

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import os

ls = os.linesep

while True:
fname = raw_input('input a filename:')
# if os.path.exists(fname):
# print "Error: '%s' already exists" % fname
# else:
# break
try:
fobj = open(fname, 'r')
except IOError, e:
break;
else:
print "Error: '%s' already exists" % fname
fobj.close()

all = []
print "\nEnter lines ('.' by itself to quit).\n"

while True:
entry = raw_input('>')
if entry == '.':
break
else:
all.append(entry)

fobj = open(fname, 'w')
fobj.writelines(['%s%s' % (x, ls) for x in all])
fobj.close()
print 'Done!'

用 os.path.exists() 取代异常处理方法:

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import os

fname = raw_input('Enter filename:')
print

#try:
# fobj = open(fname, 'r')
#except IOError, e:
# print '*** file open error:', e
#else:
# for eachLine in fobj:
# print eachLine,
# fobj.close()
if os.path.exists(fname):
fobj = open(fname, 'r')
for eachLine in fobj:
print eachLine,
fobj.close()
else:
print 'this file not exists'

3-11

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import os

fname = raw_input('Enter filename:')
print

#try:
# fobj = open(fname, 'r')
#except IOError, e:
# print '*** file open error:', e
#else:
# for eachLine in fobj:
# print eachLine,
# fobj.close()
if os.path.exists(fname):
fobj = open(fname, 'r')
for eachLine in fobj:
print eachLine.strip()
fobj.close()
else:
print 'this file not exists'

3-12

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"""to read or make a file"""
import os

def makeTextFile():
'''make a file'''
ls = os.linesep
while True:
fname = raw_input('input a filename:')
# if os.path.exists(fname):
# print "Error: '%s' already exists" % fname
# else:
# break
try:
fobj = open(fname, 'r')
except IOError, e:
break;
else:
print "Error: '%s' already exists" % fname
fobj.close()

all = []
print "\nEnter lines ('.' by itself to quit).\n"

while True:
entry = raw_input('>')
if entry == '.':
break
else:
all.append(entry)

fobj = open(fname, 'w')
fobj.writelines(['%s%s' % (x, ls) for x in all])
fobj.close()
print 'Done!'

def readTextFile():
'''read a file'''
fname = raw_input('Enter filename:')
print

#try:
# fobj = open(fname, 'r')
#except IOError, e:
# print '*** file open error:', e
#else:
# for eachLine in fobj:
# print eachLine,
# fobj.close()
if os.path.exists(fname):
fobj = open(fname, 'r')
for eachLine in fobj:
print eachLine.strip()
fobj.close()
else:
print 'this file not exists'

def main():
'''main menu'''
while True:
print '1.Read a file'
print '2.Make a file'
print 'x.exit'
myStr = raw_input('input your choice:')
if myStr == '1':
readTextFile()
elif myStr == '2':
makeTextFile()
elif myStr == 'x':
break

if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

3-13

Windows 下 curses 模块貌似无法正常使用……

迂回的实现思路是将文件内容按行读取到一个列表里,

然后让用户修改每一行,

最后让用户选择是否保存,

保存则重写文件,

不保存则退出。